Cell-substrate interactions is a core area of research in cell biology and biophysics dedicated to understanding the dynamic interface and reciprocal influences between living cells and their extracellular microenvironment or artificial substrates. This research explores how physical and chemical cues at this interface govern cellular morphology, mechanics, and function, as well as collective tissue behavior. Key characteristics include the investigation of mechanical forces, adhesion molecules, and signaling pathways involved in cellular adhesion, migration, contractility, and differentiation. The significance of studying cell-substrate interactions lies in their critical roles in fundamental biological processes such as development, tissue homeostasis, and disease progression, underscoring their importance in mechanobiology and biomedical engineering.